Projects

Science Focus Area: Brookhaven and Argonne National Laboratories

 

Principal Investigator

Michael Jensen — Brookhaven National Laboratory

Co-Investigators

V. Rao Kotamarthi — Argonne Virendra Ghate — Argonne
Robert McGraw — Brookhaven Scott Giangrande — Brookhaven
Chongai Kuang — Brookhaven Larry Kleinman — Brookhaven
Art Sedlacek — Brookhaven Pavlos Kollias — Brookhaven
Andrew Vogelmann — Brookhaven Ernie Lewis — Brookhaven
Yan Feng — Argonne Yangang Liu — Brookhaven

Abstract

The research within this Science Focus Area (SFA) supports the mission of the DOE Atmospheric System Research Program to advance process-level understanding of the key interactions among aerosols, clouds, precipitation, radiation, dynamics, and thermodynamics, with the ultimate goal of reducing the uncertainty in global and regional climate simulations and projects. The long-term objectives of this SFA are articulated through the following decadal goals:

  • Determine the effects of cloud-scale dynamical and microphysical processes on cloud structure relevant to improved process representations and narrowing the range of climate model sensitivities.
  • Reduce uncertainties in radiative forcing due to aerosol indirect effects by determining the impact of aerosol on cloud microphysics and macrophysical structure under representative cloud and synoptic regimes.
  • Characterize, using field and laboratory measurements, the microphysical and optical properties and the processes that control these properties for carbonaceous absorbing aerosols (CAA) most important to climate forcing and the hydrologic cycle, and to improve representation of these processes and properties in models to better quantify CAA direct, indirect and semi-direct effects.
  • Quantify understanding of the aerosol number and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentration budgets and their controlling processes in regions where the impact of aerosol is most significant (e.g., marine environment with extensive low cloud coverage and polar regions), as well as its representation and validation in climate models.
  • Develop high-resolution modeling capabilities to interface with these process-level studies to improve the representation of aerosols and clouds in climate and earth system models, and work closely with the climate modeling community to bridge the gap between these high-resolution and larger-scale models.

To make significant progress towards these crosscutting objectives, the science plan builds upon a new collaboration between Brookhaven National Laboratory and Argonne National Laboratory to pursue focused research efforts within three main thrusts:

  • Evolution of carbonaceous absorbing aerosol properties.
  • Formation, growth and removal of atmospheric aerosols.
  • cloud properties and processes.

Evolution of Carbonaceous Absorbing Aerosol Properties

  • Accurate estimates and model-based representation of radiative forcing by particles containing black carbon (BC), brown carbon (BrC), or both requires more than one class of BrC, each with a different absorption spectrum.
  • Evolution of light absorption by BrC leads to a reduction of the radiative forcing by BrC particles and BrC-coated BC particles that is not accounted for in global models.
  • Improvements in the representation of the light-absorption properties of BrC (Hypothesis 1) and the atmospheric processes that modify them (Hypothesis 2) will better constrain the direct and semi-direct radiative forcings by carbonaceous absorbing aerosols.

Formation, Growth and Removal of Atmospheric Aerosols

  • Atmospheric nucleation occurring aloft is a significant source of newly formed particles measured at the surface.
  • Atmospheric nucleation is often dominated/controlled by the activation/heterogeneous nucleation of neutral clusters, which are always present.
  • The variations of the aerosols entrained from free troposphere and their subsequent growth contribute substantially to the seasonal variation in marine boundary layer CCN population.
  • The removal of the CCN by droplet coalescence and wet deposition is strongly coupled to cloud regime and mesoscale structure, and the observed spatial variation of CCN concentration is to a large degree driven by the removal.

    • Cloud Properties and Processes

    • Turbulent mixing and giant CCN contribute significantly to the variability of microphysical process rates especially at low liquid water path.
    • Dispersion effects, entrainment-mixing processes, regime dependence and process couplings are key factors buffering aerosol-cloud interactions (ACI).
    • Cold pool structure is a response to rather than a driver of evolution in mesoscale structure within drizzling stratocumulus.
    • For a given thermodynamic profile, the first-order variance in liquid water fraction in high latitude mixed-phase clouds is explained by turbulent vertical mixing with a secondary influence from variations in aerosol loading.
    • Composite heating rate profiles can sufficiently characterize deep convective mesoscale organization at global climate model scales.
    • For deep convection, relationships between core size and updraft strength are strongly correlated to the wind shear, followed by near-storm thermodynamic conditions.

      • To address these hypotheses, the SFA team’s approach is multi-scale—from molecular to microphysical and eddy to cloud-resolving scales. The acquisition of process-level understanding over multiple scales is, by its nature, integrative and requires a spectrum of research components. The objectives outlined in this science plan will be met by the research team through approaches using Atmospheric Radiation Measurement fixed site and field campaign measurements, state-of-the-art retrieval techniques, laboratory experiments, theoretical development, and high-resolution modeling studies.
      Read more about this SFA in this ASR feature story.

Related Publications

Giangrande SE, T Biscaro, and J Peters. 2023. "Seasonal controls on isolated convective storm drafts, precipitation intensity, and life cycle as observed during GoAmazon2014/5." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 23(9), 10.5194/acp-23-5297-2023.

Cadeddu MP, VP Ghate, DD Turner, and TE Surleta. 2023. "Boundary layer moisture variability at the ARM Eastern North Atlantic Observatory during marine conditions." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 23(6), 10.5194/acp-23-3453-2023.

Lu Z, Y Han, and Y Liu. 2022. "Occurrence of Warm Freezing Rain: Observation and Modelling Study." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 127(5), e2021JD036242, 10.1029/2021JD036242.

Jia X, Y Liu, D Ding, X Ma, Y Chen, K Bi, P Tian, C Lu, and J Quan. 2019. "Combining disdrometer, microscopic photography, and cloud radar to study distributions of hydrometeor types, size and fall velocity." Atmospheric Research, 228, 10.1016/j.atmosres.2019.05.025.

Jia H, X Ma, and Y Liu. 2019. "Exploring aerosol–cloud interaction using VOCALS-REx aircraft measurements." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 19(12), 10.5194/acp-19-7955-2019.

Maahn M, F Hoffmann, M Shupe, G de Boer, S Matrosov, and E Luke. 2019. "Can liquid cloud microphysical processes be used for vertically pointing cloud radar calibration?" Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 12(6), 10.5194/amt-12-3151-2019.

de Sá S, L Rizzo, B Palm, P Campuzano-Jost, D Day, L Yee, R Wernis, G Isaacman-VanWertz, J Brito, S Carbone, Y Liu, A Sedlacek, S Springston, A Goldstein, H Barbosa, M Alexander, P Artaxo, J Jimenez, and S Martin. 2019. "Contributions of biomass-burning, urban, and biogenic emissions to the concentrations and light-absorbing properties of particulate matter in central Amazonia during the dry season." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 19(12), 10.5194/acp-19-7973-2019.

Fridlind A, M van Lier-Walqui, S Collis, S Giangrande, R Jackson, X Li, T Matsui, R Orville, M Picel, D Rosenfeld, A Ryzhkov, R Weitz, and P Zhang. 2019. "Use of polarimetric radar measurements to constrain simulated convective cell evolution: A pilot study with Lagrangian tracking." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 12(6), 10.5194/amt-12-2979-2019.

Anber U, S Wang, P Gentine, and M Jensen. 2019. "Probing the response of tropical deep convection to aerosol perturbations using idealized cloud-resolving simulations with parameterized large-scale dynamics." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 76(9), 10.1175/JAS-D-18-0351.1.

Anber U, S Giangrande, L Donner, and M Jensen. 2019. "Updraft Constraints on Entrainment: Insights from Amazonian Deep Convection." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 76(8), 10.1175/JAS-D-18-0234.1.

Ghate V and M Cadeddu. 2019. "Drizzle and Turbulence Below Closed Cellular Marine Stratocumulus Clouds." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 124(11), 10.1029/2018JD030141.

Thomas S, M Ovchinnikov, F Yang, D Voort, W Cantrell, S Krueger, and R Shaw. 2019. "Scaling of an atmospheric model to simulate turbulence and cloud microphysics in the Pi Chamber." Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 11(7), 10.1029/2019MS001670.

Ito A, S Myriokefalitakis, M Kanakidou, N Mahowald, R Scanza, D Hamilton, A Baker, T Jickells, M Sarin, S Bikkina, Y Gao, R Shelley, C Buck, W Landing, A Bowie, M Perron, C Guieu, N Meskhidze, M Johnson, Y Feng, J Kok, A Nenes, and R Duce. 2019. "Pyrogenic iron: The missing link to high iron solubility in aerosols." Science Advances, 5(5), 10.1126/sciadv.aau7671.

Bretherton C, I Mccoy, J Mohrmann, R Wood, V Ghate, A Gettelman, C Bardeen, B Albrecht, and P Zuidema. 2019. "Cloud, Aerosol and Boundary Layer Structure across the Northeast Pacific Stratocumulus-Cumulus Transition as observed during CSET." Monthly Weather Review, 147(6), 10.1175/MWR-D-18-0281.1.

Wang D, SE Giangrande, KA Schiro, MP Jensen, and RA Houze. 2019. "The Characteristics of Tropical and Midlatitude Mesoscale Convective Systems as Revealed by Radar Wind Profilers." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 124(8), 10.1029/2018JD030087.

Lamraoui F, J Booth, C Naud, M Jensen, and K Johnson. 2019. "The interaction between boundary layer and convection schemes in a WRF simulation of post‐cold‐frontal clouds over the ARM East North Atlantic site." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 124(8), 10.1029/2018JD029370.

Ghate V, D Mechem, M Cadeddu, E Eloranta, M Jensen, M Nordeen, and W Smith. 2019. "Estimates of entrainment in closed cellular marine stratocumulus clouds from the MAGIC field campaign." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 145(721), 10.1002/qj.3514.

Wang Y, S Niu, C Lu, Y Liu, J Chen, and W Yang. 2019. "An Observational Study on Cloud Spectral Width in North China." Atmosphere, 10(3), 10.3390/atmos10030109.

Schwartz M, V Ghate, B Albrecht, P Zuidema, M Cadeddu, J Vivekanandan, S Ellis, P Tsai, E Eloranta, J Mohrmann, R Wood, and C Bretherton. 2019. "Merged Cloud and Precipitation Dataset from the HIAPER-GV for the Cloud System Evolution in the Trades (CSET) Campaign." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 36(6), 10.1175/JTECH-D-18-0111.1.

Giangrande S, D Wang, M Bartholomew, M Jensen, D Mechem, J Hardin, and R Wood. 2019. "Midlatitude Oceanic Cloud and Precipitation Properties as Sampled By the ARM Eastern North Atlantic Observatory." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 124(8), 10.1029/2018JD029667.

Klingebiel M, V Ghate, A Naumann, F Ditas, M Pöhlker, C Pöhlker, K Kandler, H Konow, and B Stevens. 2019. "Remote sensing of sea salt aerosol below trade wind clouds." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 76(5), 10.1175/JAS-D-18-0139.1.

Christiansen A, V Ghate, and A Carlton. 2019. "Aerosol Optical Thickness: Organic Composition, Associated Particle Water, and Aloft Extinction." ACS Earth and Space Chemistry, 3(3), 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.8b00163.

Lewis E. 2019. "The Dependence of Radius on Relative Humidity and Solute Mass at High Relative Humidities Up to and Including 100%." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 124(4), 10.1029/2018JD030008.

Silber I, J Verlinde, M Cadeddu, C Flynn, A Vogelmann, and E Eloranta. 2019. "Antarctic Cloud Macrophysical, Thermodynamic Phase, and Atmospheric Inversion Coupling Properties at McMurdo Station—Part II: Radiative Impact During Different Synoptic Regimes." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 124(3), 10.1029/2018JD029471.

Ghate V, P Kollias, S Crewell, A Fridlind, T Heus, U Löehnert, M Maahn, G McFarquhar, D Moisseev, M Oue, M Wendisch, and C Williams. 2019. "The Second ARM Training and Science Application Event: Training the Next Generation of Atmospheric Scientists." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 100(1), 10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0242.1.

Albrecht B, V Ghate, J Mohrmann, R Wood, P Zuidema, C Bretherton, C Schwartz, E Eloranta, S Glienke, S Donaher, M Sarkar, J McGibbon, A Nugent, R Shaw, J Fugal, P Minnis, R Paliknoda, L Lussier, J Jensen, J Vivekanandan, S Ellis, P Tsai, R Rilling, J Haggerty, T Campos, M Stell, M Reeves, S Beaton, J Allison, G Stossmeister, S Hall, and S Schmidt. 2019. "Cloud System Evolution in the Trades (CSET): Following the Evolution of Boundary Layer Cloud Systems with the NSF–NCAR GV." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 100(1), 10.1175/BAMS-D-17-0180.1.

Wang J, J Shilling, J Liu, A Zelenyuk, D Bell, M Petters, R Thalman, F Mei, R Zaveri, and G Zheng. 2019. "Cloud droplet activation of secondary organic aerosol is mainly controlled by molecular weight, not water solubility." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 19(2), 10.5194/acp-19-941-2019.

Han B, J Fan, A Varble, H Morrison, C Williams, B Chen, X Dong, S Giangrande, A Khain, E Mansell, J Milbrandt, J Shpund, and G Thompson. 2019. "Cloud-Resolving Model Intercomparison of an MC3E Squall Line Case: Part II. Stratiform Precipitation Properties." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 124(2), 10.1029/2018JD029596.

Brown H, X Liu, Y Feng, Y Jiang, M Wu, Z Lu, C Wu, S Murphy, and R Pokhrel. 2018. "Radiative effect and climate impacts of brown carbon with the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM5)." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 18(24), 10.5194/acp-18-17745-2018.

Zheng G, Y Wang, A Aiken, F Gallo, M Jensen, P Kollias, C Kuang, E Luke, S Springston, J Uin, R Wood, and J Wang. 2018. "Marine boundary layer aerosol in the eastern North Atlantic: seasonal variations and key controlling processes." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 18(23), 10.5194/acp-18-17615-2018.

Lu C, C Sun, Y Liu, G Zhang, Y Lin, W Gao, S Niu, Y Yin, Y Qiu, and L Jin. 2018. "Observational Relationship between Entrainment Rate and Environmental Relative Humidity and Implications for Convection Parameterization." Geophysical Research Letters, 45(24), 10.1029/2018GL080264.

Jia X, J Quan, Z Zheng, X Liu, Q Liu, H He, and Y Liu. 2018. "Impacts of anthropogenic aerosols on fog in North China Plain." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 124(1), 10.1029/2018JD029437.

Sedlacek A, T Onasch, L Nichman, E Lewis, P Davidovits, A Freedman, and L Williams. 2018. "Formation of refractory black carbon by SP2-induced charring of organic aerosol." Aerosol Science and Technology, 52(12), 10.1080/02786826.2018.1531107.

Liu W, Y Han, J Li, X Tian, and Y Liu. 2018. "Factors affecting relative humidity and its relationship with the long-term variation of fog-haze events in the Yangtze River Delta." Atmospheric Environment, 193, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.09.015.

Borque P, E Luke, P Kollias, and F Yang. 2018. "Relationship Between Turbulence and Drizzle in Continental and Marine Low Stratiform Clouds." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 75(12), 10.1175/JAS-D-18-0060.1.

Wilson A, R Scott, M Cadeddu, V Ghate, and D Lubin. 2018. "Cloud Optical Properties over West Antarctica from Shortwave Spectroradiometer Measurements during AWARE." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 123(17), 10.1029/2018JD028347.

Sedlacek III A, P Buseck, K Adachi, T Onasch, S Springston, and L Kleinman. 2018. "Formation and evolution of tar balls from northwestern US wildfires." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 18(15), 10.5194/acp-18-11289-2018.

de Sá S, B Palm, P Campuzano-Jost, D Day, W Hu, G Isaacman-VanWertz, L Yee, J Brito, S Carbone, I Ribeiro, G Cirino, Y Liu, R Thalman, A Sedlacek, A Funk, C Schumacher, J Shilling, J Schneider, P Artaxo, A Goldstein, R Souza, J Wang, K McKinney, H Barbosa, M Alexander, J Jimenez, and S Martin. 2018. "Urban influence on the concentration and composition of submicron particulate matter in central Amazonia." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 18(16), 10.5194/acp-18-12185-2018.

Xie X, X Liu, H Che, X Xie, X Li, Z Shi, H Wang, T Zhao, and Y Liu. 2018. "Radiative feedbacks of dust in snow over eastern Asia in CAM4-BAM." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 18(17), 10.5194/acp-18-12683-2018.

Forestieri S, T Helgestad, A Lambe, L Renbaum-Wolff, D Lack, P Massoli, E Cross, M Dubey, C Mazzoleni, J Olfert, A Sedlacek III, A Freedman, P Davidovits, T Onasch, and C Cappa. 2018. "Measurement and modeling of the multiwavelength optical properties of uncoated flame-generated soot." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 18(16), 10.5194/acp-18-12141-2018.

McGraw R, P Winkler, and P Wagner. 2018. "A unifying identity for the work of cluster formation in heterogeneous and homogeneous nucleation theory." The Journal of Chemical Physics, 149(8), 10.1063/1.5040459.

Kuang C. 2018. "A diethylene glycol condensation particle counter for rapid sizing of sub-3 nm atmospheric clusters." Aerosol Science and Technology, 52(10), 10.1080/02786826.2018.1481279.

Shilling J, M Pekour, E Fortner, P Artaxo, S de Sá, J Hubbe, K Longo, L Machado, S Martin, S Springston, J Tomlinson, and J Wang. 2018. "Aircraft observations of the chemical composition and aging of aerosol in the Manaus urban plume during GoAmazon 2014/5." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 18(14), 10.5194/acp-18-10773-2018.

Kassianov E, L Berg, M Pekour, J Barnard, D Chand, J Comstock, C Flynn, A Sedlacek, J Shilling, H Telg, J Tomlinson, A Zelenyuk, and J Fast. 2018. "A Closure Study of Total Scattering Using Airborne In Situ Measurements from the Winter Phase of TCAP." Atmosphere, 9(6), 228, 10.3390/atmos9060228.

Grosvenor D, O Sourdeval, P Zuidema, A Ackerman, M Alexandrov, R Bennartz, R Boers, B Cairns, J Chiu, M Christensen, H Deneke, M Diamond, G Feingold, A Fridlind, A Hünerbein, C Knist, P Kollias, A Marshak, D McCoy, D Merk, D Painemal, J Rausch, D Rosenfeld, H Russchenberg, P Seifert, K Sinclair, P Stier, B van Diedenhoven, M Wendisch, F Werner, R Wood, Z Zhang, and J Quaas. 2018. "Remote Sensing of Droplet Number Concentration in Warm Clouds: A Review of the Current State of Knowledge and Perspectives." Reviews of Geophysics, 56(2), 10.1029/2017RG000593.

Zuidema P, A Sedlacek, C Flynn, S Springston, R Delgadillo, J Zhang, A Aiken, A Koontz, and P Muradyan. 2018. "The Ascension Island Boundary Layer in the Remote Southeast Atlantic is Often Smoky." Geophysical Research Letters, 45(9), 10.1002/2017GL076926.

Yang F, P Kollias, R Shaw, and A Vogelmann. 2018. "Cloud droplet size distribution broadening during diffusional growth: ripening amplified by deactivation and reactivation." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 18(10), 10.5194/acp-18-7313-2018.

Machado L, A Calheiros, T Biscaro, S Giangrande, M Silva Dias, M Cecchini, R Albrecht, M Andreae, W Araujo, P Artaxo, S Borrmann, R Braga, C Burleyson, C Eichholz, J Fan, Z Feng, G Fisch, M Jensen, S Martin, U Pöschl, C Pöhlker, M Pöhlker, J Ribaud, D Rosenfeld, J Saraiva, C Schumacher, R Thalman, D Walter, and M Wendisch. 2018. "Overview: Precipitation characteristics and sensitivities to environmental conditions during GoAmazon2014/5 and ACRIDICON-CHUVA." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 18(9), 10.5194/acp-18-6461-2018.

Schwartz S. 2018. "Unrealized Global Temperature Increase: Implications of Current Uncertainties." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 123(7), 10.1002/2017JD028121.

Lu C, Y Liu, B Zhu, S Yum, S Krueger, Y Qiu, S Niu, and S Luo. 2018. "On Which Microphysical Time Scales to Use in Studies of Entrainment-Mixing Mechanisms in Clouds." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 123(7), 10.1002/2017JD027985.

Schiro K, F Ahmed, S Giangrande, and J Neelin. 2018. "GoAmazon2014/5 campaign points to deep-inflow approach to deep convection across scales." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(18), 10.1073/pnas.1719842115.

Yang F, E Luke, P Kollias, A Kostinski, and A Vogelmann. 2018. "Scaling of Drizzle Virga Depth With Cloud Thickness for Marine Stratocumulus Clouds." Geophysical Research Letters, 45(8), 10.1029/2018GL077145.

Liu Q, X Jia, J Quan, J Li, X Li, Y Wu, D Chen, Z Wang, and Y Liu. 2018. "New positive feedback mechanism between boundary layer meteorology and secondary aerosol formation during severe haze events." Scientific Reports, 8(1), 6095, 10.1038/s41598-018-24366-3.

Oue M, P Kollias, A Ryzhkov, and E Luke. 2018. "Toward Exploring the Synergy Between Cloud Radar Polarimetry and Doppler Spectral Analysis in Deep Cold Precipitating Systems in the Arctic." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 123(5), 10.1002/2017JD027717.

Yang F, O Cruikshank, W He, A Kostinski, and R Shaw. 2018. "Nonthermal ice nucleation observed at distorted contact lines of supercooled water drops." Physical Review E, 97(2), 023103, 10.1103/PhysRevE.97.023103.

Gao Z, Y Liu, X Li, and C Lu. 2018. "Investigation of Turbulent Entrainment-Mixing Processes With a New Particle-Resolved Direct Numerical Simulation Model." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 123(4), 10.1002/2017JD027507.

Fan J, D Rosenfeld, Y Zhang, S Giangrande, Z Li, L Machado, S Martin, Y Yang, J Wang, P Artaxo, H Barbosa, R Braga, J Comstock, Z Feng, W Gao, H Gomes, F Mei, C Pöhlker, M Pöhlker, U Pöschl, and R de Souza. 2018. "Substantial convection and precipitation enhancements by ultrafine aerosol particles." Science, 359(6374), 10.1126/science.aan8461.

Palm B, S de Sá, D Day, P Campuzano-Jost, W Hu, R Seco, S Sjostedt, J Park, A Guenther, S Kim, J Brito, F Wurm, P Artaxo, R Thalman, J Wang, L Yee, R Wernis, G Isaacman-VanWertz, A Goldstein, Y Liu, S Springston, R Souza, M Newburn, M Alexander, S Martin, and J Jimenez. 2018. "Secondary organic aerosol formation from ambient air in an oxidation flow reactor in central Amazonia." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 18(1), doi:10.5194/acp-18-467-2018.

Creamean J, M Maahn, G de Boer, A McComiskey, A Sedlacek, and Y Feng. 2018. "The influence of local oil exploration and regional wildfires on summer 2015 aerosol over the North Slope of Alaska." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 18(2), 10.5194/acp-18-555-2018.

Guo X, C Lu, T Zhao, Y Liu, G Zhang, and S Luo. 2018. "Observational study of the relationship between entrainment rate and relative dispersion in deep convective clouds." Atmospheric Research, 199, 10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.09.013.

Zhao X, Y Liu, F Yu, and A Heidinger. 2018. "Using Long-Term Satellite Observations to Identify Sensitive Regimes and Active Regions of Aerosol Indirect Effects for Liquid Clouds Over Global Oceans." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 123(1), 10.1002/2017JD027187.

Xie X, X Liu, H Che, X Xie, H Wang, J Li, Z Shi, and Y Liu. 2018. "Modeling East Asian Dust and Its Radiative Feedbacks in CAM4-BAM." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 123(2), 10.1002/2017JD027343.

Wang Y, J Vogel, Y Lin, B Pan, J Hu, Y Liu, X Dong, J Jiang, Y Yung, and R Zhang. 2018. "Aerosol microphysical and radiative effects on continental cloud ensembles." Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 35(2), 10.1007/s00376-017-7091-5.

Xie X, H Zhang, X Liu, Y Peng, and Y Liu. 2018. "Role of microphysical parameterizations with droplet relative dispersion in IAP AGCM 4.1." Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 35(2), 10.1007/s00376-017-7083-5.

Mohrmann J, R Wood, J McGibbon, R Eastman, and E Luke. 2018. "Drivers of Seasonal Variability in Marine Boundary Layer Aerosol Number Concentration Investigated Using a Steady State Approach." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 123(2), 10.1002/2017JD027443.

Chen J, Y Liu, M Zhang, and Y Peng. 2018. "Height Dependency of Aerosol-Cloud Interaction Regimes." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 123(1), 10.1002/2017JD027431.

McGraw R, P Winkler, and P Wagner. 2017. "Temperature Dependence in Heterogeneous Nucleation with Application to the Direct Determination of Cluster Energy on Nearly Molecular Scale." Scientific Reports, 7(1), 16896, 10.1038/s41598-017-16692-9.

LU C, Y LIU, S NIU, and Y XUE. 2017. "Broadening of cloud droplet size distributions and warm rain initiation associated with turbulence: an overview." Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 11(2), 10.1080/16742834.2018.1410057.

Giangrande S, Z Feng, M Jensen, J Comstock, K Johnson, T Toto, M Wang, C Burleyson, N Bharadwaj, F Mei, L Machado, A Manzi, S Xie, S Tang, M Silva Dias, R de Souza, C Schumacher, and S Martin. 2017. "Cloud characteristics, thermodynamic controls and radiative impacts during the Observations and Modeling of the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon2014/5) experiment." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 17(23), 10.5194/acp-17-14519-2017.

Zaveri R, J Shilling, A Zelenyuk, J Liu, D Bell, E D'Ambro, C Gaston, J Thornton, A Laskin, P Lin, J Wilson, R Easter, J Wang, A Bertram, S Martin, J Seinfeld, and D Worsnop. 2017. "Growth kinetics and size distribution dynamics of viscous secondary organic aerosol." Environmental Science & Technology, 52(3), 10.1021/acs.est.7b04623.

Phillips T, S Klein, H Ma, Q Tang, S Xie, I Williams, J Santanello, D Cook, and M Torn. 2017. "Using ARM Observations to Evaluate Climate Model Simulations of Land-Atmosphere Coupling on the U.S. Southern Great Plains." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 122(21), doi:10.1002/2017JD027141.

Wang J, M Pikridas, T Pinterich, S Spielman, T Tsang, A McMahon, and S Smith. 2017. "A Fast Integrated Mobility Spectrometer for rapid measurement of sub-micrometer aerosol size distribution, Part II: Experimental characterization." Journal of Aerosol Science, 113, 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2017.05.001.

Yeom J, S Yum, Y Liu, and C Lu. 2017. "A study on the entrainment and mixing process in the continental stratocumulus clouds measured during the RACORO campaign." Atmospheric Research, 194, 10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.04.028.

Rémillard J, A Fridlind, A Ackerman, G Tselioudis, P Kollias, D Mechem, H Chandler, E Luke, R Wood, M Witte, P Chuang, and J Ayers. 2017. "Use of cloud radar Doppler spectra to evaluate stratocumulus drizzle size distributions in large-eddy simulations with size-resolved microphysics." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 56(12), 10.1175/JAMC-D-17-0100.1.

Adachi K, A Sedlacek, L Kleinman, D Chand, J Hubbe, and P Buseck. 2017. "Volume changes upon heating of aerosol particles from biomass burning using transmission electron microscopy." Aerosol Science and Technology, 52(1), 10.1080/02786826.2017.1373181.

Fan J, B Han, A Varble, H Morrison, K North, P Kollias, B Chen, X Dong, S Giangrande, A Khain, Y Lin, E Mansell, J Milbrandt, R Stenz, G Thompson, and Y Wang. 2017. "Cloud-resolving model intercomparison of an MC3E squall line case: Part I-Convective updrafts." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 122(17), 10.1002/2017JD026622.

North K, M Oue, P Kollias, S Giangrande, S Collis, and C Potvin. 2017. "Vertical air motion retrievals in deep convective clouds using the ARM scanning radar network in Oklahoma during MC3E." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 10(8), 10.5194/amt-10-2785-2017.

Riihimaki L, J Comstock, E Luke, T Thorsen, and Q Fu. 2017. "A case study of microphysical structures and hydrometeor phase in convection using radar Doppler spectra at Darwin, Australia." Geophysical Research Letters, 44(14), 10.1002/2017GL074187.

Quan J, Y Liu, Q Liu, X Jia, X Li, Y Gao, D Ding, J Li, and Z Wang. 2017. "Anthropogenic pollution elevates the peak height of new particle formation from planetary boundary layer to lower free troposphere." Geophysical Research Letters, 44(14), 10.1002/2017GL074553.

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Liu X, L Huey, R Yokelson, V Selimovic, I Simpson, M M?ller, J Jimenez, P Campuzano-Jost, A Beyersdorf, D Blake, Z Butterfield, Y Choi, J Crounse, D Day, G Diskin, M Dubey, E Fortner, T Hanisco, W Hu, L King, L Kleinman, S Meinardi, T Mikoviny, T Onasch, B Palm, J Peischl, I Pollack, T Ryerson, G Sachse, A Sedlacek, J Shilling, S Springston, J St. Clair, D Tanner, A Teng, P Wennberg, A Wisthaler, and G Wolfe. 2017. "Airborne measurements of western U.S. wildfire emissions: Comparison with prescribed burning and air quality implications." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 122(11), 10.1002/2016JD026315.

Nicolas J, A Vogelmann, R Scott, A Wilson, M Cadeddu, D Bromwich, J Verlinde, D Lubin, L Russell, C Jenkinson, H Powers, M Ryczek, G Stone, and J Wille. 2017. "January 2016 extensive summer melt in West Antarctica favoured by strong El Nino." Nature Communications, 8, 15799, 10.1038/ncomms15799.

Pinterich T, S Spielman, S Hering, and J Wang. 2017. "A water-based fast integrated mobility spectrometer (WFIMS) with enhanced dynamic size range." Aerosol Science and Technology, 51(10), 10.1080/02786826.2017.1338664.

Wu P, X Dong, B Xi, Y Liu, M Thieman, and P Minnis. 2017. "Effects of environment forcing on marine boundary layer cloud-drizzle processes." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 122(8), 10.1002/2016JD026326.

Schwartz S, D Huang, and D Vladutescu. 2017. "High-resolution photography of clouds from the surface: Retrieval of optical depth of thin clouds down to centimeter scales." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 122(5), 10.1002/2016JD025384.

Thalman R, S de Sá, B Palm, H Barbosa, M Pöhlker, M Alexander, J Brito, S Carbone, P Castillo, D Day, C Kuang, A Manzi, N Ng, A Sedlacek III, R Souza, S Springston, T Watson, C Pöhlker, U Pöschl, M Andreae, P Artaxo, J Jimenez, S Martin, and J Wang. 2017. "CCN activity and organic hygroscopicity of aerosols downwind of an urban region in central Amazonia: Seasonal and diel variations and impact of anthropogenic emissions." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 17(9), 10.5194/acp-17-11779-2017.

Zhou S, S Collier, D Jaffe, N Briggs, J Hee, A Sedlacek III, L Kleinman, T Onasch, and Q Zhang. 2017. "Regional influence of wildfires on aerosol chemistry in the western US and insights into atmospheric aging of biomass burning organic aerosol." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 17(3), 10.5194/acp-17-2477-2017.

Painemal D, J Chiu, P Minnis, C Yost, X Zhou, M Cadeddu, E Eloranta, E Lewis, R Ferrare, and P Kollias. 2017. "Aerosol and cloud microphysics covariability in the northeast Pacific boundary layer estimated with ship-based and satellite remote sensing observations." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 122(4), 10.1002/2016JD025771.

Huang H, G Zhang, K Zhao, and SE Giangrande. 2017. "A Hybrid Method to Estimate Specific Differential Phase and Rainfall With Linear Programming and Physics Constraints." IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 55(1), 10.1109/tgrs.2016.2596295.

Ghate VP and P Kollias. 2016. "On the Controls of Daytime Precipitation in the Amazonian Dry Season." Journal of Hydrometeorology, 17, 10.1175/jhm-d-16-0101.1.

Yang W, A Marshak, PJ McBride, JC Chiu, Y Knyazikhin, KS Schmidt, C Flynn, ER Lewis, and EW Eloranta. 2016. "Observation of the spectrally invariant properties of clouds in cloudy-to-clear transition zones during the MAGIC field campaign." Atmospheric Research, 182, 10.1016/j.atmosres.2016.08.004.

Li Z, X Cheng, W Gustafson Jr., and A Vogelmann. 2016. "Spectral characteristics of background error covariance and multiscale data assimilation." International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, 82(12), 10.1002/fld.4253.

Kalesse H, G DeBoer, A Solomon, M Oue, M Ahlgrimm, D Zhang, M Shupe, E Luke, and A Protat. 2016. "Understanding Rapid Changes in Phase Partitioning between Cloud Liquid and Ice in Stratiform Mixed-Phase Clouds: An Arctic Case Study." Monthly Weather Review, 144(12), 10.1175/mwr-d-16-0155.1.

Presser C, A Nazarian, JM Conny, D Chand, A Sedlacek, and JM Hubbe. 2016. "Absorption/transmission measurements of PSAP particle-laden filters from the Biomass Burning Observation Project (BBOP) field campaign." Aerosol Science and Technology, 51(4), 10.1080/02786826.2016.1267856.

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Wang J, R Krejci, S Giangrande, C Kuang, HM Barbosa, J Brito, S Carbone, X Chi, J Comstock, F Ditas, J Lavric, HE Manninen, F Mei, D Moran-Zuloaga, C Pohlker, ML Pohlker, J Saturno, B Schmid, RA Souza, SR Springston, JM Tomlinson, T Toto, D Walter, D Wimmer, JN Smith, M Kulmala, LA Machado, P Araxo, MO Andreae, T Petaja, and ST Martin. 2016. "Amazon boundary layer aerosol concentration sustained by vertical transport during rainfall." Nature, 539(7629), 10.1038/nature19819.

Oue M, P Kollias, KW North, A Tatarevic, S Endo, AM Vogelmann, and WI Gustafson Jr.. 2016. "Estimation of cloud fraction profile in shallow convection using a scanning cloud radar." Geophysical Research Letters, 43(20), 10.1002/2016gl070776.

Wang X, CL Heald, AJ Sedlacek, SS de Sa, ST Martin, ML Alexander, TB Watson, AC Aiken, SR Springston, and P Artaxo. 2016. "Deriving brown carbon from multiwavelength absorption measurements: method and application to AERONET and aethalometer observations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 16(19), 10.5194/acp-16-12733-2016.

Giangrande SE, T Toto, MP Jensen, M Bartholomew, Z Feng, A Protat, C Williams, C Schumacher, and L Machado. 2016. "Convective cloud vertical velocity and mass-flux characteristics from radar wind profiler observations during GoAmazon2014/5." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 121(21), 10.1002/2016jd025303.

Jensen MP, WA Petersen, A Bansemer, N Bharadwaj, LD Carey, DJ Cecil, SM Collis, AD Del Genio, B Dolan, J Gerlach, SE Giangrande, G Heymsfield, P Kollias, TJ Lang, SW Nesbitt, A Neumann, M Poellot, SA Rutledge, M Schwaller, A Tokay, CR Williams, DB Wolff, S Xie, and EJ Zipser. 2016. "The Midlatitude Continental Convective Clouds Experiment (MC3E)." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 97(9), 10.1175/bams-d-14-00228.1.

Collier S, S Zhou, T Onasch, D Jaffe, L Kleinman, A Sedlacek, N Briggs, J Hee, E Fortner, J Shilling, D Worsnop, R Yokelson, C Parworth, X Ge, J Xu, Z Butterfield, D Chand, M Dubey, M Pekour, S Springston, and Q Zhang. 2016. "Regional Influence of Aerosol Emissions from Wildfires Driven by Combustion Efficiency: Insights from the BBOP Campaign." Environmental Science & Technology, 50(16), 10.1021/acs.est.6b01617.

Riihimaki LD, JM Comstock, KK Anderson, and A Holmes. 2016. "A path towards uncertainty assignment in an operational cloud-phase algorithm from ARM vertically pointing active sensors." Advances in Statistical Climatology, Meteorology and Oceanography, 2(1), 10.5194/ascmo-2-49-2016.

Cecchini MA, LA Machado, JM Comstock, F Mei, J Wang, J Fan, JM Tomlinson, B Schmid, R Albrecht, ST Martin, and P Artaxo. 2016. "Impacts of the Manaus pollution plume on the microphysical properties of Amazonian warm-phase clouds in the wet season." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 16(11), 10.5194/acp-16-7029-2016.

Borque P, E Luke, and P Kollias. 2016. "On the unified estimation of turbulence eddy dissipation rate using Doppler cloud radars and lidars." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 121(10), 10.1002/2015jd024543.

Giangrande SE, T Toto, A Bansemer, MR Kumjian, S Mishra, and A Ryzkhov. 2016. "Insights into riming and aggregation processes as revealed by aircraft, radar, and disdrometer observations for a 27 April 2011 widespread precipitation event." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 121(10), 10.1002/2015jd024537.

DeMott PJ, TC Hill, CS McCluskey, KA Prather, DB Collins, RC Sullivan, MJ Ruppel, RH Mason, VE Irish, T Lee, CY Hwang, TS Rhee, JR Snider, GR McMeeking, S Dhaniyala, ER Lewis, JJ Wentzell, J Abbatt, C Lee, CM Sultana, AP Ault, JL Axson, MD Martinez, I Venero, G Santos-Figueroa, MD Stokes, GB Deane, OL Mayol-Bracero, VH Grassian, TH Bertram, AK Bertram, BF Moffett, and GD Franc. 2016. "Sea spray aerosol as a unique source of ice nucleating particles." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(21), 10.1073/pnas.1514034112.

Kumjian MR, S Mishra, SE Giangrande, T Toto, AV Ryzhkov, and A Bansemer. 2016. "Polarimetric radar and aircraft observations of saggy bright bands during MC3E." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 121(7), 10.1002/2015jd024446.

Martin ST, P Artaxo, L Machado, AO Manzi, RA Souza, C Schumacher, J Wang, MO Andreae, HJ Barbosa, J Fan, G Fisch, AH Goldstein, A Guenther, JL Jimenez, U Poschl, MA Silva Dias, J Smith, and M Wendisch. 2016. "Introduction: Observations and Modeling of the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon2014/5)." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 16(8), 10.5194/acp-16-4785-2016.

Kalesse H, W Szyrmer, S Kneifel, P Kollias, and E Luke. 2016. "Fingerprints of a riming event on cloud radar Doppler spectra: observations and modeling." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 16(5), 10.5194/acp-16-2997-2016.

Kleinman L, C Kuang, A Sedlacek, G Senum, S Springston, J Wang, Q Zhang, J Jayne, J Fast, J Hubbe, J Shilling, and R Zaveri. 2016. "What do correlations tell us about anthropogenic–biogenic interactions and SOA formation in the Sacramento plume during CARES?" Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 16(3), 10.5194/acp-16-1729-2016.

Lu C, Y Liu, GJ Zhang, X Wu, S Endo, L Cao, Y Li, and X Guo. 2016. "Improving parameterization of entrainment rate for shallow convection with aircraft measurements and large-eddy simulation." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 73(2), 10.1175/jas-d-15-0050.1.

Chen J, Y Liu, M Zhang, and Y Peng. 2016. "New understanding and quantification of the regime dependence of aerosol-cloud interaction for studying aerosol indirect effects." Geophysical Research Letters, 43(4), 10.1002/2016gl067683.