Integrated Cloud, Land-surface, and Aerosol System Study (ICLASS) Science Focus Area

Principal Investigators

Jerome Fast — Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Larry Berg — Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Adam Varble — Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
John Shilling — Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

Co-Investigators

Jingyi Chen — Pacific Northwest National Laboratory	Johannes Muelmenstaedt — Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Matthew Christiansen — Pacific Northwest National Laboratory	Mikhail Ovcinnikov — Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Laura Fierce — Pacific Northwest National Laboratory	Yun Qian — Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Zhe Feng — Pacific Northwest National Laboratory	Koichi Sakaguchi — Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Brian Gaudet — Pacific Northwest National Laboratory	Manish Shrivastava — Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Andrew Geiss — Pacific Northwest National Laboratory	Sheng-Lun Tai — Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Samson Hagos — Pacific Northwest National Laboratory	Heng Xiao — Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Gourihar Kulkarni — Pacific Northwest National Laboratory	Zhao Yang — Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Ying Liu — Pacific Northwest National Laboratory	Rahul Zaveri — Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Po-Lun Ma — Pacific Northwest National Laboratory	Alla Zelenyuk — Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
James Marquis — Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

Abstract

Rational and Challenges: Earth system models (ESMs), high-resolution models, and observations are key tools for improving our understanding of the natural and human-influenced atmospheric processes affecting Earth’s climate. Despite recent scientific advances, models still contain biases arising from knowledge gaps and imperfect parameterizations of important physical and chemical atmospheric processes. While the impacts of these biases are multifaceted, much of the uncertainty has been attributed to short-lived climate forcers, such as aerosol–cloud interaction (ACI) processes. Challenges associated with ACI uncertainties can be divided into three broad categories of atmospheric processes associated with 1) the lifecycle of aerosol populations, 2) the lifecycle of cloud populations, and 3) land–atmosphere coupling. An important complicating factor is that ACI processes depend on the interaction of aerosol and cloud populations that are often highly variable in space and time.

Objectives: Our long-term vision, established in FY 2018, is to transform our understanding of climate-relevant processes and provide more robust model representations of the climate system through the integration of new knowledge on cloud and aerosol populations, and their interactions with each other and the Earth’s surface. Three overarching science questions guide this vision:

Q.1 How does the land surface interact with cloud and aerosol processes, and how are these interactions manifested in the climate system?
Q.2 What are the key factors that control transitions in cloud populations, and how are these transitions affected by interactions with evolving aerosol, meteorological, and precipitation conditions?
Q.3 What are the key processes that control the evolving composition and size distribution of aerosols and consequently the variability of aerosol microphysical, optical, and cloud-nucleating properties?

The proposed research is organized into three Research Elements corresponding to Q.1–Q.3, targeting key processes that are poorly represented or neglected by ESMs. They are also inherently interconnected over multiple spatiotemporal scales and therefore must be addressed in an integrated way to advance process-level understanding and model parameterizations. While the Research Elements are interconnected and inform one another, the effects of land–atmosphere coupling and clouds on aerosol populations are separated out as cross-cutting interdisciplinary activities because they require substantial dedicated collaborations between the Research Elements.

Research Element 1 focuses on natural processes and anthropogenic perturbations associated with feedbacks and vertical exchanges of heat, moisture, momentum, and aerosols within the boundary layer that also influence the lifecycle of shallow convective clouds. We are currently expanding anthropogenic perturbations from irrigation to include urbanization effects

Research Element 2 focuses on the initiation, growth, organization, and properties of cloud populations including their multi-scale thermodynamic and dynamic interactions with environmental conditions in which they are embedded. In addition to research on convective cloud populations over land, we are currently expanding this research to include marine stratocumulus.

Research Element 3 focuses on secondary organic aerosols from biogenic and anthropogenic precursors, their mixing state with other constituents, and their cloud-nucleating properties.

Cross-cutting activities currently focus on the effects of land–atmosphere coupling and clouds on aerosols which will integrate findings of Research Elements 1 – 3. In this way, we will obtain a deeper and more robust understanding of the interrelationships among land–atmosphere coupling, cloud populations, and carbonaceous aerosols that ultimately influence ACI.

Approach

Our approach combines measurements and data discovery with high-resolution multi-scale modeling to advance the fundamental understanding of processes associated with our three overarching science questions. Since many of these processes are subgrid-scale in ESMs or influenced by subgrid-scale effects, it is important to assess their impacts on larger-scale dynamics and thermodynamics that control climate and vice versa.

Measurements and Data Discovery: Our research fundamentally relies on analyses of measurements from long-term Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) sites (SGP, TWP, ENA), several ARM field campaigns, the LES ARM Symbiotic Simulation and Observation (LASSO) activity, and laboratory studies using Pacific Northwest National Laboratory’s (PNNL’s) environmental chamber. Cross-cutting activities that consist of interdisciplinary hypotheses focus on GoAmazon, HI-SCALE, and CACTI datasets. We anticipate that measurements from SAIL, TRACER, and EPCAPE and the new long-term ARM AMF deployment in the southeastern U.S. (SEUS) will be useful to address the three overarching science questions in the future once those measurements become available. Analyses of field measurements and modeling needs drive hypothesis-based laboratory experiments in Research Element 3 that focus on investigating secondary organic aerosol formation from anthropogenic and biogenic emission sources. Supplemental non-ARM data will also be necessary, particularly satellite and surface network data that spatially and temporally contextualize detailed ARM long-term site and field campaign measurements.

High-Resolution Multi-Scale Modeling: Multi-scale modeling studies are critical for filling in observational gaps and testing hypotheses based on observational evidence. Many of the processes associated with land–atmosphere coupling, clouds, aerosols, and their interactions occur at small scales and thus a multifaceted approach is needed. Three modeling approaches will be used: (1) large-eddy simulation (LES) configurations to explicitly resolve many boundary-layer and cloud processes using grid spacings of 10–100 meters that leverage LASSO, (2) km-scale simulations to study processes over regional scales and a wide range of atmospheric conditions, and (3) sectional (MOSAIC) and particle-resolved (PartMC- MOSAIC) aerosol box modeling coupled with a cloud parcel model to explicitly resolve detailed aerosol chemistry and mixing state. Where possible, we will take advantage of standard or regional-refined, km-scale E3SM simulations that describe the representation of land–atmosphere coupling, cloud population transitions, and carbonaceous aerosols in relation to observations and our higher-resolution simulations.

Process-Level Understanding: Findings from our analyses of ARM and laboratory data will be coupled with all three modeling approaches and new, complementary novel Lagrangian and machine learning (ML) perspectives to develop an improved understanding of a wide range of atmospheric processes associated with the three overarching questions. This improved understanding is critical to reducing climate prediction uncertainties associated with ACI and the water cycle. By performing in-depth comparisons of measurements and multi-scale model simulations, we will also be able to identify deficient or missing processes, quantify the importance of subgrid-scale processes, and determine the accuracy of process representations in models, helping to inform the development and improvement of next-generation parameterizations and our measurement and modeling activities.

Expected Outcomes: Through a measurements-to-modeling approach that synthesizes ARM measurements, laboratory experiments, multi-scale numerical simulations, and parameterization development, our proposed research will

Elucidate the partitioning of surface fluxes and multi-scale feedbacks between soil moisture, lateral subsurface flow, boundary-layer structure, clouds, precipitation, radiation, and aerosols;
Advance the understanding and model parameterization of processes controlling shallow cloud evolution, deep convection initiation, and organization of cloud populations;
Obtain a more detailed mechanistic understanding and model representation of SOA formation and its mixing state; and
Provide data products and tools derived from ARM and other sources of measurements to the atmospheric community.

Our cross-cutting activities will

Assess the subgrid-scale variability and interrelationships of processes that connect land–atmosphere coupling and cloud populations to sources, sinks, and properties of carbonaceous aerosol that influence the larger-scale aerosol budget and
Obtain a more robust predictive representation of these key climate-relevant processes.

We expect new or improved parameterizations of convective cloud populations and organic aerosol processes to be developed that will be suitable for regional and ESMs, while some observational and modeling analyses will provide the foundation needed to develop parameterizations as part of future research and other projects.

To learn more about this SFA, read this ASR feature story.

Illustration of the primary research priorities and overall approach guiding the ICLASS Science Focus Area.

Related Publications

Dai G, B Yang, D Huang, Z Yang, J Tang, Y Qian, and Y Zhang. 2024. "On the relationship between precipitation extreme and local temperature over eastern China based on convection permitting simulations: roles of different moisture processes and precipitation types." Climate Dynamics, , 10.1007/s00382-024-07467-w.

Fan Y, Z Yang, M Lo, J Hur, and E Im. 2024. "Applying double cropping and interactive irrigation in the North China Plain using WRF4.5." Geoscientific Model Development, 17(18), 10.5194/gmd-17-6929-2024.

Su T and Y Zhang. 2024. "Deep-learning-derived planetary boundary layer height from conventional meteorological measurements." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 24(11), 10.5194/acp-24-6477-2024.

Christensen M, P Wu, A Varble, H Xiao, and J Fast. 2024. "Aerosol-induced closure of marine cloud cells: enhanced effects in the presence of precipitation." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 24(11), 10.5194/acp-24-6455-2024.

Sinha S, H Sharma, and M Shrivastava. 2024. "Application of advanced causal analyses to identify processes governing secondary organic aerosols." Scientific Reports, 14(1), 10.1038/s41598-024-59887-7.

Vandergrift G, D Dexheimer, D Zhang, Z Cheng, N Lata, M Rogers, M Shrivastava, J Zhang, B Gaudet, F Mei, and S China. 2024. "Tethered balloon system and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Reveal Increased Organonitrates Aloft Compared to the Ground Level." Environmental Science & Technology, , 10.1021/acs.est.4c02090.

Shen C, X Yang, J Thornton, J Shilling, C Bi, G Isaacman-VanWertz, and H Zhang. 2024. "Observation-constrained kinetic modeling of isoprene SOA formation in the atmosphere." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 24(10), 10.5194/acp-24-6153-2024.

Xie Q, E Halpern, J Zhang, M Shrivastava, A Zelenyuk, R Zaveri, and A Laskin. 2024. "Volatility Basis Set Distributions and Viscosity of Organic Aerosol Mixtures: Insights from Chemical Characterization Using Temperature-Programmed Desorption–Direct Analysis in Real-Time High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry." Analytical Chemistry, 96(23), 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01003.

Zhang J, M Shrivastava, L Ma, W Jiang, C Anastasio, Q Zhang, and A Zelenyuk. 2024. "Modeling Novel Aqueous Particle and Cloud Chemistry Processes of Biomass Burning Phenols and their Potential to Form Secondary Organic Aerosols." Environmental Science & Technology, 58(8), 10.1021/acs.est.3c07762.

Sasaki C, A Rowe, L McMurdie, A Varble, and Z Zhang. 2024. "Influences of the South American Low-Level Jet on the Convective Environment in Central Argentina Using a Convection-Permitting Simulation." Monthly Weather Review, 152(2), 10.1175/MWR-D-23-0122.1.

Geiss A, M Christensen, A Varble, T Yuan, and H Song. 2024. "Self-Supervised Cloud Classification." Artificial Intelligence for the Earth Systems, 3(1), 10.1175/AIES-D-23-0036.1. ONLINE.

He Y, B Zhao, S Wang, R Valorso, X Chang, D Yin, B Feng, M Camredon, B Aumont, A Dearden, S Jathar, M Shrivastava, Z Jiang, C Cappa, L Yee, J Seinfeld, J Hao, and N Donahue. 2024. "Formation of secondary organic aerosol from wildfire emissions enhanced by long-time ageing." Nature Geoscience, , 10.1038/s41561-023-01355-4.

Chen J, S Hagos, H Xiao, J Fast, C Lu, A Varble, Z Feng, and J Sun. 2023. "The Effects of Shallow Cumulus Cloud Shape on Interactions Among Clouds and Mixing With Near‐Cloud Environments." Geophysical Research Letters, 50(24), e2023GL106334, 10.1029/2023GL106334.

Varble A, A Igel, H Morrison, W Grabowski, and Z Lebo. 2023. "Opinion: A critical evaluation of the evidence for aerosol invigoration of deep convection." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 23(21), 10.5194/acp-23-13791-2023.

Manshausen P, D Watson-Parris, M Christensen, J Jalkanen, and P Stier. 2023. "Rapid saturation of cloud water adjustments to shipping emissions." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 23(19), 10.5194/acp-23-12545-2023.

Dominguez F, R Rasmussen, C Liu, K Ikeda, A Prein, A Varble, P Arias, J Bacmeister, M Bettolli, P Callaghan, L Carvalho, C Castro, F Chen, D Chug, K Chun, A Dai, L Danaila, R Rocha, E Nascimento, E Dougherty, J Dudhia, T Eidhammer, Z Feng, L Fita, R Fu, J Giles, H Gilmour, K Halladay, Y Huang, A Wong, M Lagos-Zúñiga, C Jones, J Llamocca, M Llopart, J Martinez, J Martinez, J Minder, M Morrison, Z Moon, Y Mu, R Neale, K Ocasio, S Pal, E Potter, G Poveda, F Puhales, K Rasmussen, A Rehbein, R Rios-Berrios, C Risanto, A Rosales, L Scaff, A Seimon, M Somos-Valenzuela, Y Tian, P van Oevelen, D Veloso-Aguila, L Xue, and T Schneider. 2023. "Advancing South American Water and Climate Science Through Multi-Decadal Convection-Permitting Modeling." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, , 10.1175/BAMS-D-22-0226.1. ONLINE.

Cornwell G, C McCluskey, T Hill, E Levin, N Rothfuss, S Tai, M Petters, P DeMott, S Kreidenweis, K Prather, and S Burrows. 2023. "Bioaerosols are the dominant source of warm-temperature immersion-mode INPs and drive uncertainties in INP predictability." Science Advances, 9(37), 10.1126/sciadv.adg3715.

Zhang C, S Hai, Y Gao, Y Wang, S Zhang, L Sheng, B Zhao, S Wang, J Jiang, X Huang, X Shen, J Sun, A Lupascu, M Shrivastava, J Fast, W Cheng, X Guo, M Chu, N Ma, J Hong, Q Wang, X Yao, and H Gao. 2023. "Substantially positive contributions of new particle formation to cloud condensation nuclei under low supersaturation in China based on numerical model improvements." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 23(18), 10.5194/acp-23-10713-2023.

Chen Y, R Zaveri, G Vandergrift, Z Cheng, S China, A Zelenyuk, and J Shilling. 2023. "Nonequilibrium Behavior in Isoprene Secondary Organic Aerosol." Environmental Science & Technology, 57(38), 10.1021/acs.est.3c03532.

Hagos S, Z Feng, S Tai, and J Chen. 2023. "Regional variability in the environmental controls of precipitation regimes in the tropics." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 128(18), e2023JD038927, 10.1029/2023JD038927.

Lu C, L Zhu, Y Liu, F Mei, J Fast, M Pekour, S Luo, X Xu, X He, J Li, and S Gao. 2023. "Observational study of relationships between entrainment rate, homogeneity of mixing, and cloud droplet relative dispersion." Atmospheric Research, 293, 106900, 10.1016/j.atmosres.2023.106900.

Xiao H, M Ovchinnikov, L Berg, and J Mülmenstädt. 2023. "Evaluating Shallow Convection Parameterization Assumptions with a qt-w Quadrant Analysis." Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 15(8), s2022MS003526, 10.1029/2022MS003526.

Feldman D, A Aiken, W Boos, R Carroll, V Chandrasekar, S Collis, J Creamean, G de Boer, J Deems, P DeMott, J Fan, A Flores, D Gochis, M Grover, T Hill, A Hodshire, E Hulm, C Hume, R Jackson, F Junyent, A Kennedy, M Kumjian, E Levin, J Lundquist, J O’Brien, M Raleigh, J Reithel, A Rhoades, K Rittger, W Rudisill, Z Sherman, E Siirila-Woodburn, S Skiles, J Smith, R Sullivan, A Theisen, M Tuftedal, A Varble, A Wiedlea, S Wielandt, K Williams, and Z Xu. 2023. "The Surface Atmosphere Integrated Field Laboratory (SAIL) Campaign." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 104(12), 10.1175/BAMS-D-22-0049.1.

Sanchez K, D Painemal, M Brown, E Crosbie, F Gallo, J Hair, C Hostetler, C Jordan, C Robinson, A Scarino, T Shingler, M Shook, K Thornhill, E Wiggins, E Winstead, L Ziemba, S Chambers, A Williams, R Humphries, M Keywood, J Ward, L Cravigan, I McRobert, C Flynn, G Kulkarni, L Russell, G Roberts, G McFarquhar, A Nenes, S Woods, J Reid, J Small-Griswold, S Brooks, S Kirschler, C Voigt, J Wang, D Delene, P Quinn, and R Moore. 2023. "Multi-campaign ship and aircraft observations of marine cloud condensation nuclei and droplet concentrations." Scientific Data, 10(1), 10.1038/s41597-023-02372-z.

Wang J, J Wang, R Cai, C Liu, J Jiang, W Nie, J Wang, N Moteki, R Zaveri, X Huang, N Ma, G Chen, Z Wang, Y Jin, J Cai, Y Zhang, X Chi, B Holanda, J Xing, T Liu, X Qi, Q Wang, C Pöhlker, H Su, Y Cheng, S Wang, J Hao, M Andreae, and A Ding. 2023. "Unified theoretical framework for black carbon mixing state allows greater accuracy of climate effect estimation." Nature Communications, 14(1), 10.1038/s41467-023-38330-x.

Lou S, M Shrivastava, A Ding, R Easter, J Fast, P Rasch, H Shen, S Massey Simonich, S Smith, S Tao, and A Zelenyuk. 2023. "Shift in Peaks of PAH‐Associated Health Risks From East Asia to South Asia and Africa in the Future." Earth's Future, 11(6), 10.1029/2022EF003185.

Marquis J, Z Feng, A Varble, T Nelson, A Houston, J Peters, J Mulholland, and J Hardin. 2023. "Near-Cloud Atmospheric Ingredients for Deep Convection Initiation." Monthly Weather Review, 151(5), 10.1175/MWR-D-22-0243.1.

Reyes-Villegas E, D Lowe, J Johnson, K Carslaw, E Darbyshire, M Flynn, J Allan, H Coe, Y Chen, O Wild, S Archer-Nicholls, A Archibald, S Singh, M Shrivastava, R Zaveri, V Singh, G Beig, R Sokhi, and G McFiggans. 2023. "Simulating organic aerosol in Delhi with WRF-Chem using the volatility-basis-set approach: exploring model uncertainty with a Gaussian process emulator." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 23(10), 10.5194/acp-23-5763-2023.

Feng Z, J Hardin, H Barnes, J Li, L Leung, A Varble, and Z Zhang. 2023. "PyFLEXTRKR: a flexible feature tracking Python software for convective cloud analysis." Geoscientific Model Development, 16(10), 10.5194/gmd-16-2753-2023.

Yang Z, A Varble, L Berg, Y Qian, S Tai, J Chen, W Gustafson, Z Feng, and Y Liu. 2023. "Sensitivity of Precipitation Displacement of a Simulated MCS to Changes in Land Surface Conditions." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, , e2022JD037642, 10.1029/2022JD037642.

Chen J, S Hagos, H Xiao, J Fast, and Z Feng. 2023. "Multiscale Analysis of Surface Heterogeneity–Induced Convection on Isentropic Coordinates." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 80(4), 10.1175/JAS-D-21-0198.1.

Jo E and S Lasher-Trapp. 2023. "Entrainment in a Simulated Supercell Thunderstorm. Part III: The Influence of Decreased Environmental Humidity and General Effects upon Precipitation Efficiency." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 80(4), 10.1175/JAS-D-22-0168.1.

Rasool Q, M Shrivastava, Y Liu, B Gaudet, and B Zhao. 2023. "Modeling the Impact of the Organic Aerosol Phase State on Multiphase OH Reactive Uptake Kinetics and the Resultant Heterogeneous Oxidation Timescale of Organic Aerosol in the Amazon Rainforest." ACS Earth and Space Chemistry, 7(5), 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.2c00366.

Öktem R, D Romps, and A Varble. 2023. "No warm-phase invigoration of convection detected during GoAmazon." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, , 10.1175/JAS-D-22-0241.1. ONLINE.

Kukulies J, H Lai, J Curio, Z Feng, C Lin, P Li, T Ou, S Sugimoto, and D Chen. 2023. "Mesoscale convective systems in the third pole region: Characteristics, mechanisms and impact on precipitation." Frontiers in Earth Science, 11, 10.3389/feart.2023.1143380.

Chen J, S Hagos, Z Feng, J Fast, and H Xiao. 2023. "The Role of Cloud–Cloud Interactions in the Life Cycle of Shallow Cumulus Clouds." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 80(3), 10.1175/JAS-D-22-0004.1.

Zhang J, M Shrivastava, A Zelenyuk, R Zaveri, J Surratt, M Riva, D Bell, and M Glasius. 2023. "Observationally Constrained Modeling of the Reactive Uptake of Isoprene-Derived Epoxydiols under Elevated Relative Humidity and Varying Acidity of Seed Aerosol Conditions." ACS Earth and Space Chemistry, 7(4), 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.2c00358.

Humphries R, M Keywood, J Ward, J Harnwell, S Alexander, A Klekociuk, K Hara, I McRobert, A Protat, J Alroe, L Cravigan, B Miljevic, Z Ristovski, R Schofield, S Wilson, C Flynn, G Kulkarni, G Mace, G McFarquhar, S Chambers, A Williams, and A Griffiths. 2023. "Measurement report: Understanding the seasonal cycle of Southern Ocean aerosols." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 23(6), 10.5194/acp-23-3749-2023.

Kulkarni G, F Mei, J Shilling, J Wang, R Reveggino, C Flynn, A Zelenyuk, and J Fast. 2023. "Cloud Condensation Nuclei Closure Study Using Airborne Measurements over the Southern Great Plains." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 128(5), e2022JD037964, 10.1029/2022JD037964.

Saliba G, D Bell, K Suski, J Fast, D Imre, G Kulkarni, F Mei, J Mülmenstädt, M Pekour, J Shilling, J Tomlinson, A Varble, J Wang, J Thornton, and A Zelenyuk. 2023. "Aircraft measurements of single particle size and composition reveal aerosol size and mixing state dictate their activation into cloud droplets." Environmental Science: Atmospheres, , 10.1039/D3EA00052D.

Schobesberger S, E D'Ambro, L Vettikkat, B Lee, Q Peng, D Bell, J Shilling, M Shrivastava, M Pekour, J Fast, and J Thornton. 2023. "Airborne flux measurements of ammonia over the southern Great Plains using chemical ionization mass spectrometry." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 16(2), 10.5194/amt-16-247-2023.

Vandergrift G, N Lata, S Mathai, A Ijaz, Z Cheng, M Shrivastava, J Zhang, A Md Shawon, G Kulkarni, L Mazzoleni, W Kew, and S China. 2023. "Case study evaluation of size-resolved molecular composition and phase state of carbonaceous particles in wildfire influenced smoke from the Pacific Northwest." Environmental Science: Atmospheres, 3(9), 10.1039/D3EA00058C.

O’Donnell S, A Akherati, Y He, A Hodshire, J Shilling, C Kuang, J Fast, F Mei, Siegfried Schobesberger7, J Thornton, J Smith, S Jathar, and J Pierce. 2023. "Look Up: Probing the Vertical Profile of New Particle Formation and Growth in the Planetary Boundary Layer with Models and Observations." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 128(3), e2022JD037525, 10.1029/2022JD037525.

Li Y, R Xu, K Yang, Y Liu, S Wang, S Zhou, Z Yang, X Feng, C He, Z Xu, and W Zhao. 2022. "Contribution of Tibetan Plateau ecosystems to local and remote precipitation through moisture recycling." Global Change Biology, 29, 10.1111/gcb.16495.

Zhao B, J Fast, M Shrivastava, N Donahue, Y Gao, J Shilling, Y Liu, R Zaveri, B Gaudet, S Wang, J Wang, Z Li, and J Fan. 2022. "Formation Process of Particles and Cloud Condensation Nuclei Over the Amazon Rainforest: The Role of Local and Remote New‐Particle Formation." Geophysical Research Letters, 49(22), e2022GL100940, 10.1029/2022GL100940.

Chu C, J Zhai, Y Han, J Ye, R Zaveri, S Martin, and H Hung. 2022. "New Particle Formation and Growth Dynamics for α-Pinene Ozonolysis in a Smog Chamber and Implications for Ambient Environments." ACS Earth and Space Chemistry, 6(12), 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.2c00161.

Fast J, D Bell, G Kulkarni, J Liu, F Mei, G Saliba, J Shilling, K Suski, J Tomlinson, J Wang, R Zaveri, and A Zelenyuk. 2022. "Using aircraft measurements to characterize subgrid-scale variability of aerosol properties near the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Southern Great Plains site." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 22(17), 10.5194/acp-22-11217-2022.

Yabra M, M Nicolini, P Borque, Y Skabar, and P Salio. 2022. "Observational study of the South American low-level jet during the SALLJEX." International Journal of Climatology, 42(16), 10.1002/joc.7857.

Chand D, L Berg, J Tagestad, B Putzenlechner, Z Yang, S Tai, and J Fast. 2022. "Fine scale variability in Green Vegetation Fraction Over the Southern Great Plains using Sentinel-2 satellite: A case study." Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment, 27, 10.1016/j.rsase.2022.100799.

Borque P, A Varble, and J Hardin. 2022. "Peak Rain Rate Sensitivity to Observed Cloud Condensation Nuclei and Turbulence in Continental Warm Shallow Clouds During CACTI." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, , e2022JD036864, 10.1029/2022JD036864.

Ruan X, C Zhao, R Zaveri, P He, X Wang, J Shao, and L Geng. 2022. "Simulations of aerosol pH in China using WRF-Chem (v4.0): sensitivities of aerosol pH and its temporal variations during haze episodes." Geoscientific Model Development, 15(15), 10.5194/gmd-15-6143-2022.

Liu J, E D’Ambro, B Lee, S Schobesberger, D Bell, R Zaveri, A Zelenyuk, J Thornton, and J Shilling. 2022. "Monoterpene Photooxidation in a Continuous-Flow Chamber: SOA Yields and Impacts of Oxidants, NOx, , and VOC Precursors." Environmental Science & Technology, 56(17), 10.1021/acs.est.2c02630.

Mei F, M Pekour, D Dexheimer, G de Boer, R Cook, J Tomlinson, B Schmid, L Goldberger, R Newsom, and J Fast. 2022. "Observational data from uncrewed systems over Southern Great Plains." Earth System Science Data, 14(7), 10.5194/essd-14-3423-2022.

Peters J, H Morrison, T Nelson, J Marquis, J Mulholland, and C Nowotarski. 2022. "The Influence of Shear on Deep Convection Initiation. Part I: Theory." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 79(6), 10.1175/JAS-D-21-0145.1.

Peters J, H Morrison, T Nelson, J Marquis, J Mulholland, and C Nowotarski. 2022. "The Influence of Shear on Deep Convection Initiation. Part II: Simulations." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 79(6), 10.1175/JAS-D-21-0144.1.

Chug D, F Dominguez, and Z Yang. 2022. "The Amazon and La Plata River Basins as Moisture Sources of South America: Climatology and Intraseasonal Variability." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 127(12), e2021JD035455, 10.1029/2021JD035455.

Feng Z, A Varble, J Hardin, J Marquis, A Hunzinger, Z Zhang, and M Thieman. 2022. "Deep Convection Initiation, Growth, and Environments in the Complex Terrain of Central Argentina during CACTI." Monthly Weather Review, 150(5), 10.1175/MWR-D-21-0237.1.

Yang B, M Wang, G Zhang, Z Guo, Y Wang, X Xu, G Dai, A Huang, Y Zhang, and Y Qian. 2022. "Parameterizing Convective Organization Effects With a Moisture‐PDF Approach in Climate Models: Concept and a Regional Case Simulation." Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 14(5), e2021MS002942, 10.1029/2021MS002942.

Gettelman A, A Geer, R Forbes, G Carmichael, G Feingold, D Posselt, G Stephens, S van den Heever, A Varble, and P Zuidema. 2022. "The future of Earth system prediction: Advances in model-data fusion." Science Advances, 8(14), 10.1126/sciadv.abn3488.

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Wang X, C Heald, J Liu, R Weber, P Campuzano-Jost, J Jimenez, J Schwarz, and A Perring. 2018. "Exploring the observational constraints on the simulation of brown carbon." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 18(2), 10.5194/acp-18-635-2018.

Giangrande S, Z Feng, M Jensen, J Comstock, K Johnson, T Toto, M Wang, C Burleyson, N Bharadwaj, F Mei, L Machado, A Manzi, S Xie, S Tang, M Silva Dias, R de Souza, C Schumacher, and S Martin. 2017. "Cloud characteristics, thermodynamic controls and radiative impacts during the Observations and Modeling of the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon2014/5) experiment." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 17(23), 10.5194/acp-17-14519-2017.

Zaveri R, J Shilling, A Zelenyuk, J Liu, D Bell, E D'Ambro, C Gaston, J Thornton, A Laskin, P Lin, J Wilson, R Easter, J Wang, A Bertram, S Martin, J Seinfeld, and D Worsnop. 2017. "Growth kinetics and size distribution dynamics of viscous secondary organic aerosol." Environmental Science & Technology, 52(3), 10.1021/acs.est.7b04623.

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Neggers R, A Ackerman, W Angevine, E Bazile, I Beau, P Blossey, I Boutle, C de Bruijn, A Cheng, J van der Dussen, J Fletcher, S Dal Gesso, A Jam, H Kawai, S Cheedela, V Larson, M Lefebvre, A Lock, N Meyer, S de Roode, W de Rooy, I Sandu, H Xiao, and K Xu. 2017. "Single‐Column Model Simulations of Subtropical Marine Boundary‐Layer Cloud Transitions Under Weakening Inversions." Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 9(6), 10.1002/2017MS001064.

Raut J, L Marelle, J Fast, J Thomas, B Weinzierl, K Law, L Berg, A Roiger, R Easter, K Heimerl, T Onishi, J Delanoë, and H Schlager. 2017. "Cross-polar transport and scavenging of Siberian aerosols containing black carbon during the 2012 ACCESS summer campaign." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 17(18), 10.5194/acp-17-10969-2017.

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Kassianov E, M Pekour, C Flynn, L Berg, J Beranek, A Zelenyuk, C Zhao, L Leung, P Ma, L Riihimaki, J Fast, J Barnard, A Hallar, I McCubbin, E Eloranta, A McComiskey, and P Rasch. 2017. "Large Contribution of Coarse Mode to Aerosol Microphysical and Optical Properties: Evidence from Ground-based Observations of a Trans-Pacific Dust Outbreak at a High-Elevation North American Site." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 74(5), 10.1175/JAS-D-16-0256.1.

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Wood R, MP Jensen, J Wang, CS Bretherton, SM Burrows, AD Del Genio, AM Fridlind, SJ Ghan, VP Ghate, P Kollias, SK Krueger, RL MGraw, MA Miller, D Painemal, LM Russell, SE Yuter, and P Zuidema. 2016. "Planning the Next Decade of Coordinated Research to Better Understand and Simulate Marine Low Clouds." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 97(9), 10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0160.1.

Hiranuma N, O Möhler, G Kulkarni, M Schnaiter, S vogt, P Vochezer, E Järvinen, R Wagner, DM Bell, J Wilson, A Zelenyuk, and DJ Cziczo. 2016. "Development and characterization of an ice-selecting pumped counterflow virtual impactor (IS-PCVI) to study ice crystal residuals." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 9(8), 10.5194/amt-9-3817-2016.

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Fast JD, LK Berg, K Zhang, RC Easter, RA Ferrare, JW Hair, CA Hostetler, Y Liu, I Ortega, A Sedlacek III, JE Shilling, M Shrivastava, SR Springston, JM Tomlinson, R Volkamer, J Wilson, RA Zaveri, and A Zelenyuk. 2016. "Model representations of aerosol layers transported from North America over the Atlantic Ocean during the Two-Column Aerosol Project." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 121(16), 10.1002/2016jd025248.

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Ching J, RA Zaveri, RC Easter, N Riemer, and JD Fast. 2016. "A three-dimensional sectional representation of aerosol mixing state for simulating optical properties and cloud condensation nuclei." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 121(10), 10.1002/2015jd024323.

Kulkarni G, S China, S Liu, M Nandasiri, N Sharma, J Wilson, AC Aiken, D Chand, A Laskin, C Mazzoleni, M Pekour, J Shilling, V Shutthanandan, A Zelenyuk, and RA Zaveri. 2016. "Ice nucleation activity of diesel soot particles at cirrus relevant temperature conditions: Effects of hydration, secondary organics coating, soot morphology, and coagulation." Geophysical Research Letters, 43(7), 10.1002/2016gl068707.

Martin ST, P Artaxo, L Machado, AO Manzi, RA Souza, C Schumacher, J Wang, MO Andreae, HJ Barbosa, J Fan, G Fisch, AH Goldstein, A Guenther, JL Jimenez, U Poschl, MA Silva Dias, J Smith, and M Wendisch. 2016. "Introduction: Observations and Modeling of the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon2014/5)." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 16(8), 10.5194/acp-16-4785-2016.

Shupe M, J Comstock, D Turner, and G Mace. 2016. "Cloud Property Retrievals in the ARM Program." Meteorological Monographs, 57, 10.1175/AMSMONOGRAPHS-D-15-0030.1.

Bela MM, MC Barth, OB Toon, A Fried, CR Homeyer, H Morrison, KA Cummings, Y Li, KE Pickering, DJ Allen, Q Yang, PO Wennberg, JD Crounse, JM St. Clair, AP Teng, D O'Sullivan, L Huey, D Chen, X Liu, DR Blake, NJ Blake, EC Apel, RS Hornbrook, F Flocke, T Campos, and G Diskin. 2016. "Wet scavenging of soluble gases in DC3 deep convective storms using WRF-Chem simulations and aircraft observations." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 121(8), 10.1002/2015jd024623.

Long C, J Mather, and T Ackerman. 2016. "The ARM Tropical Western Pacific (TWP) Sites." Meteorological Monographs, 57, 10.1175/AMSMONOGRAPHS-D-15-0024.1.

Kleinman L, C Kuang, A Sedlacek, G Senum, S Springston, J Wang, Q Zhang, J Jayne, J Fast, J Hubbe, J Shilling, and R Zaveri. 2016. "What do correlations tell us about anthropogenic–biogenic interactions and SOA formation in the Sacramento plume during CARES?" Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 16(3), 10.5194/acp-16-1729-2016.

Lee B, C Mohr, F Lopez-Hilfiker, A Lutz, M Hallquist, L Lee, P Romer, R Cohen, S Iyer, T Kurtén, W Hu, D Day, P Campuzano-Jost, J Jimenez, L Xu, N Ng, H Guo, R Weber, R Wild, S Brown, A Koss, J de Gouw, K Olson, A Goldstein, R Seco, S Kim, K McAvey, P Shepson, T Starn, K Baumann, E Edgerton, J Liu, J Shilling, D Miller, W Brune, S Schobesberger, E D'Ambro, and J Thornton. 2016. "Highly functionalized organic nitrates in the southeast United States: Contribution to secondary organic aerosol and reactive nitrogen budgets." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(6), 10.1073/pnas.1508108113.

Hagos SM, Z Feng, CD Burleyson, C Zhao, MN Martini, and LK Berg. 2016. "Moist Process Biases in Simulations of the Madden–Julian Oscillation Episodes Observed during the AMIE/DYNAMO Field Campaign." Journal of Climate, 29(3), 10.1175/jcli-d-15-0349.1.

Berg LK, JD Fast, JC Barnard, SP Burton, B Cairns, D Chand, JM Comstock, S Dunagan, RA Ferrare, CJ Flynn, JW Hair, CA Hostetler, J Hubbe, A Jefferson, R Johnson, EI Kassianov, CD Kluzek, P Kollias, K Lamer, K Lantz, F Mei, MA Miller, J Michalsky, I Ortega, M Pekour, RR Rogers, PB Russell, J Redemann, AJ Sedlacek III, MS Segal Rozenhaimer, B Schmid, JE Shilling, Y Shinozuka, SR Springston, JM Tomlinson, M Tyrrell, JM Wilson, R Volkamer, A Zelenyuk, and CM Berkowitz. 2016. "The Two-Column Aerosol Project: Phase I-Overview and impact of elevated aerosol layers on aerosol optical depth." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 121(1), 10.1002/2015jd023848.

Zamora LM, RA Kahn, MJ Cubison, GS Diskin, JL Jimenez, Y Kondo, GM McFarquhar, A Nenes, KL Thornhill, A Wisthaler, A Zelenyuk, and LD Ziemba. 2016. "Aircraft-measured indirect cloud effects from biomass burning smoke in the Arctic and subarctic." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 16(2), 10.5194/acp-16-715-2016.

Bateman AP, Z Gong, P Liu, B Sato, G Cirino, Y Zhang, P Artaxo, AK Bertram, AO Manzi, LV Rizzo, RA Souza, RA Zaveri, and ST Martin. 2016. "Sub-micrometre particulate matter is primarily in liquid form over Amazon rainforest." Nature Geoscience, 9(1), 10.1038/ngeo2599.

Lupascu A, R Easter, R Zaveri, M Shrivastava, M Pekour, J Tomlinson, Q Yang, H Matsui, A Hodzic, Q Zhang, and JD Fast. 2015. "Modeling particle nucleation and growth over northern California during the 2010 CARES campaign." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 15(21), 10.5194/acp-15-12283-2015.

China S, G Kulkarni, BV Scarnato, N Sharma, M Pekour, JE Shilling, J Wilson, A Zelenyuk, D Chand, S Liu, AC Aiken, MK Dubey, A Laskin, RA Zaveri, and C Mazzoleni. 2015. "Morphology of diesel soot residuals from supercooled water droplets and ice crystals: implications for optical properties." Environmental Research Letters, 10(11), 10.1088/1748-9326/10/11/114010.

Yang F, M Ovchinnikov, and RA Shaw. 2015. "Long-lifetime ice particles in mixed-phase stratiform clouds: Quasi-steady and recycled growth." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 120(22), 10.1002/2015jd023679.

Thorsen TJ, Q Fu, RK Newsom, DD Turner, and JM Comstock. 2015. "Automated Retrieval of Cloud and Aerosol Properties from the ARM Raman Lidar. Part I: Feature Detection." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 32(11), 10.1175/jtech-d-14-00150.1.

Wang S, AH Sobel, A Fridlind, Z Feng, JM Comstock, P Minnis, and ML Nordeen. 2015. "Simulations of cloud-radiation interaction using large-scale forcing derived from the CINDY/DYNAMO northern sounding array." Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 7(3), 10.1002/2015ms000461.

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